MySQL UNION 操作符查询多张表
MySQL UNION
操作符用于连接两个以上的 SELECT
语句的结果组合到一个结果集合中
多个 SELECT 语句会删除重复的数据
UNION
操作符语法
MySQL UNION
操作符的语法格式如下
SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n FROM tables [WHERE conditions] UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n FROM tables [WHERE conditions];
参数 | 说明 |
---|---|
expression1, expression2, ... expression_n | 要检索的列 |
tables | 要检索的数据表 |
WHERE conditions | 可选, 检索条件 |
DISTINCT | 可选,删除结果集中重复的数据 默认情况下 UNION 操作符已经删除了重复数据 所以 DISTINCT 修饰符对结果没啥影响 |
ALL | 可选,返回所有结果集,包含重复数据 |
范例数据
可以在 mysql>
命令行中运行以下语句填充范例数据
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `tbl_language`; DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `tbl_rank`; CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tbl_language`( `id` INT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL, `url` VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL, `founded_at` DATE, PRIMARY KEY ( `id` ) )ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4; CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tbl_rank`( `id` INT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL, `month` VARCHAR(7) NOT NULL, `rank` TINYINT NOT NULL, `rate` VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY ( `id` ) )ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4; INSERT INTO `tbl_language` VALUES (1,'Python','https://www.twle.cn','1991-2-20'), (2,'PHP','http://www.php.net','1994-1-1'), (3,'Ruby','https://www.ruby-lang.org/','1996-12-25'); INSERT INTO `tbl_rank` VALUES (1, 'Python','2018-04',4,'5.083%'), (2, 'PHP','2018-04',6,'4.218%'), (3, 'Ruby','2018-04',11,'2.018%'), (4, 'Java','2018-04',1,'15.777%'), (5, 'Python','2018-03',4,'5.869%'), (6, 'PHP','2018-03',7,'4.010%'), (7, 'Ruby','2018-03',12,'2.744%'), (8, 'Java','2018-03',1,'14.941'), (9, 'Python','2018-02',4,'5.168%'), (10, 'PHP','2018-02',7,'3.420%'), (11, 'Ruby','2018-02',10,'2.534%'), (12, 'Java','2018-02',1,'14.988%');
tbl_language
表中的数据如下
+----+--------+----------------------------+------------+ | id | name | url | founded_at | +----+--------+----------------------------+------------+ | 1 | Python | https://www.twle.cn | 1991-02-20 | | 2 | PHP | http://www.php.net | 1994-01-01 | | 3 | Ruby | https://www.ruby-lang.org/ | 1996-12-25 | +----+--------+----------------------------+------------+
tbl_rank
表中的数据如下
+----+--------+---------+------+---------+ | id | name | month | rank | rate | +----+--------+---------+------+---------+ | 1 | Python | 2018-04 | 4 | 5.083% | | 2 | PHP | 2018-04 | 6 | 4.218% | | 3 | Ruby | 2018-04 | 11 | 2.018% | | 4 | Java | 2018-04 | 1 | 15.777% | | 5 | Python | 2018-03 | 4 | 5.869% | | 6 | PHP | 2018-03 | 7 | 4.010% | | 7 | Ruby | 2018-03 | 12 | 2.744% | | 8 | Java | 2018-03 | 1 | 14.941 | | 9 | Python | 2018-02 | 4 | 5.168% | | 10 | PHP | 2018-02 | 7 | 3.420% | | 11 | Ruby | 2018-02 | 10 | 2.534% | | 12 | Java | 2018-02 | 1 | 14.988% | +----+--------+---------+------+---------+
SQL UNION
下面的 SQL 语句从 tbl_language
和 tbl_rank
表中选取所有 不同的 name(只有不同的值)
SELECT name FROM tbl_language UNION SELECT name FROM tbl_rank ORDER BY name;
执行以上 SQL 输出结果如下
MariaDB [twle]> SELECT name FROM tbl_language UNION SELECT name FROM tbl_rank ORDER BY name; +--------+ | name | +--------+ | Java | | PHP | | Python | | Ruby | +--------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
UNION 不能用于列出两个表中所有的 name
,UNION 只会选取不同的值
如果要选取重复的值,可以使用 UNION ALL
SQL UNION ALL
下面的 SQL 语句从 tbl_language
和 tbl_rank
表中选取所有的 name(可能有重复的值)
SELECT name FROM tbl_language UNION ALL SELECT name FROM tbl_rank ORDER BY name;
执行以上 SQL 输出结果如下
MariaDB [twle]> SELECT name FROM tbl_language UNION ALL SELECT name FROM tbl_rank ORDER BY name; +--------+ | name | +--------+ | Java | | Java | | Java | | PHP | | PHP | | PHP | | PHP | | Python | | Python | | Python | | Python | | Ruby | | Ruby | | Ruby | | Ruby | +--------+ 15 rows in set (0.00 sec)
带有 WHERE 的 SQL UNION ALL
下面的 SQL 语句从 tbl_language
和 tbl_rank
表中选取所有的 Python
(可能有重复的值)
SELECT name FROM tbl_language WHERE name="Python" UNION ALL SELECT name FROM tbl_rank WHERE name="Python" ORDER BY name;
执行以上 SQL 输出结果如下
MariaDB [twle]> SELECT name FROM tbl_language WHERE name="Python" UNION ALL SELECT name FROM tbl_rank WHERE name="Python" ORDER BY name; +--------+ | name | +--------+ | Python | | Python | | Python | | Python | +--------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)